Browsing by Author "Kheoane, Poloko Stephen"

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    Antioxidant and prebiotic activity of selected edible wild plant extracts
    (Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2016-12-06) Kheoane, Poloko Stephen; Tarirai, Clemence; Gadaga, Tendekayi Henry; Carmen, Leonard; Nyanzi, Richard
    Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of Edible wild plants were investigated as potential sources of antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. antioxidants and prebiotics to benefit human health. Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic a Antioxidant activity, ascorbic aAntioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from cid and total dietary fibre contents were determined in edible wild plants from Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Pure probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. subsp. animalis animalis (ATCC (ATCC (ATCC (ATCC 25527), Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus rhamnosus (TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and TUTBFD) and Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus acidophilus acidophilus (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth (ATCC 314) were cultured in broth containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activitycontaining edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity containing edible wild plant extracts to assess their prebiotic activity. Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus Cyperus esculantus had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest had the highest arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by arscobic acid content of 603±64.1 mg/100 g edible dry plant material followed by Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa Rosa rubiginosa (500 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 .8±48.8 mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had ICmg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC mg/100 g). The two plants had IC 50 of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. of 10.7±0.2 µg/mL and 47.8±for DPPH inhibition, respectively. Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity ICForty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC Forty percent (40%) n=30) of the edible wild plants had significant p<0.01) total antioxidant activity IC50 <60 <60 µg/mL) and high ascorbic acµg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic ac µg/mL) and high ascorbic acµg/mL) and high ascorbic ac id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). id content (>200 mg/100 g). Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for reported the highest yield for soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while soluble fibre (25%) while Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsuteHypoxis hirsuteHypoxis hirsute Hypoxis hirsute had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). had the highest total dietary fibre content (7.3%). Rorippa nudiusculaRorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula Rorippa nudiuscula enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of enhanced the growth of B. animalis B. animalis B. animalis significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8significantly (p=0.001), 8 significantly (p=0.001), 8-fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. fold more than inulin. Chenopodium album Chenopodium album Chenopodium album Chenopodium album and and and Urtica dioica Urtica dioica Urtica dioica Urtica dioica stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of stimulated the growth of L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosusL. rhamnosusL. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus L. rhamnosus significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while significantly (p=0.0001) than inulin, respectfully, while Tragopogon porrifoliusTragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifoliusTragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of significantly (p=0.0001) stimulated the growth of L. acidophilus L. acidophilusL. acidophilus L. acidophilus L. acidophilus than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. than inulin. It was It was It was It was concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties concluded that the investigated edible wild plants from southern Africa have antioxidant and prebiotic properties that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health.that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health. that may be beneficial to human health.
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    Harnessing herb-drug interactions for enhanced oral delivery of anti-HIV and antimalarial drugs using colloidal formulations
    (Tswane University of Technology, 2020-10) Kheoane, Poloko Stephen
    Problem: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and malaria infect and kill a large population globally. Most of the current clinically used anti-HIV and antimalarial drugs have low bioavailability, either due to poor solubility and permeability, rapid clearance from anatomical reservoirs and poor retention at their site of action (e.g. by the p-glycoprotein efflux system), and extreme first-pass metabolism (e.g. by the cytochrome P450 enzymes). Hence, new approaches such as the incorporation of plant-derived absorption enhancers (PDAEs) into dosage forms, and exploration of nanocarriers as novel dosage forms, are needed and may provide a viable means that could improve the bioavailability of both anti-HIV and antimalarial drugs. Methods and procedures: Luminescent-based assay systems were used to screen for the effective inhibitory concentrations of the selected PDAEs against both p-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 in vitro. Thereafter, an everted gut sac model was utilized to further screen for the effective concentrations of PDAEs combinations. Liposomes loaded with efavirenz or mefloquine as well as placebos were prepared using a thin-lipid film hydration technique and characterized for their entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and in vitro drug permeability. Liposomes were further investigated for their biocompatibility (safety) with liver using H-4-II-E liver cells in vitro. Finally, the everted gut sac model was used for the drug transport studies across an intestinal membrane ex vivo. Drug analyses were performed using UV/Vis spectrophotometer for the entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and in vitro drug permeability studies while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the ex vivo studies. Main findings: Quercetin and curcumin had the most significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory vii effects on both p-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 at concentrations of 75 μM and 100 μM, respectively. Drug-loaded liposomes prepared using l-α-phospatidylcholine, dioleoyl (DOPC) and cholesterol (CHOL) (1:1 mol/mol) as well as liposomes made of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), CHOL and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) (4:6:26 mol/mol/mol) exhibited better results in terms of their entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release and permeability. Furthermore, these liposomes were biocompatible (safe) with liver cells. However, drugs and/or liposomes were unable to permeate through the porcine intestinal tissue, possibly due to high protein binding capacities of efavirenz and mefloquine. Conclusions: The DOPC:CHOL liposomes and the DSPC:CHOL:DPPC liposomes could provide a useful nanoformulation platform, which could ensure sustained release of both anti-HIV and antimalaria drugs. However, these dosage forms need further investigation using in vivo studies that could rectify the effect of protein binding, which was not investigated in this study.