Faculty of Science and Technology

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ACE one cook stove
(National University of Lesotho, 2021-07) Qoola, Thato; Thamae, Thimothy
The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of ACE One cook stove which is manufactured by African Clean Energy (ACE) in Lesotho by assessing the performance of different solid biomass fuels within the stove. Pellets, pine wood, corn cobs and cow dung provided by ACE were used in this study where cooking time, energy consumption, heat transfer, combustion temperature and particulate matter emissions were assessed. The heating values were determined using Proximate Analysis, the values ranged from 13.43 MJ/kg for cow dung to 17.65 MJ/kg for corn cobs. Measurement of air pollutants were performed using mobile air quality monitor and combustion temperature measurements were performed using infrared thermometer. The temperature was measured for each fuel and the highest temperature was found when using wood, about 460 °C, followed by corn cobs with 370 °C, pellets with 340 °C and cow dung with 290 °C. However, the pellets had the most sustained heat compared to other fuels. Using wood and corn cobs transferred heat faster due to their big flame and raised the temperature of the water quickly. When using wood, water in a pot gained 610 kJ in 9 minutes, with corn cobs, pellets and cow dung, energy gained was 410 kJ, 350 kJ and 240 kJ respectively. Water Boiling Tests (WTB) results showed that the use of cow dung required much more fuel and an extended cooking time compared to other fuels. The second WBT using a different mass to test refuelling showed that refuelling slowed the cooking process. When burning the fuels in a closed room, the PM2.5 emissions for all the fuels were above 425 μg/m3, which was considered as hazardous level. Cow dung emitted more particles than other fuels during combustion which lasted longer in a room. The pellets showed the lowest emissions of them all in both open and closed room. In a closed room, the highest value for the pellets was 800 μg/m3 while other fuels had reached 999.9 μg/m3. The values obtained when burning the fuels in an open room had shown a significant decrease in emissions, 60.3 μg/m3 for pellets, 144.7 μg/m3 for wood, 234.2 μg/m3 for corn cobs and 612.4 μg/m3. The study further assessed the performance of the charging system that comes along with the stove. The power dissipated by the solar panel in this study was less than its rated power. The highest value from 4 experiments done one different days was 8.57 W. Time taken to charge the stove with a wall charger was shorter than using a solar panel. Using the battery of the stove to charge a cell phone has shown high power usage but using it for powering LED lamp has shown to be discharging the battery at a very slow rate.
Afm, stm and sts studies of grain boundaries And ion-beam induced defects in MGB2
(Nova Science Publishers, 2001-06) Narayan, Himanshu; Narlikar, A. V.; Herrmann, P. S. P.; Samanta, S. B.; Gupta, Anurag; Kanjilal, D.; Muranaka, T.; Akimitsu, J.; Vijayaraghavan, R.
Analysis of Quthing River and Letseng-laLetsie for Hydropower Potential
(National University of Lesotho, 2020) Lekhanya, Liteboho; Dr Khaba, L.; Dr Makhele, M.
This dissertation presents the analysis of Quthing River and Letseng-la-Letsie for hydropower potential in Quthing district in Lesotho. Electrical power deficit in the country is more prominent in rural areas like Quthing District. This calls for assessment of electrical sources in the vicinity of rural area load centers to inform policies for electrical production so as to curb power deficit problem. Mountain Rivers like Quthing River with steep slopes or gradients naturally provide good head which needs to be assessed along with its flow rates. Furthermore elevated dams like Letseng-la-Letsie can also provide a natural good head which needs to be assessed alongside with its discharge rates. The assessment was carried out by employing catchment area method to asses flow rates since the abstraction points of the study areas were ungaged and lacks data. The maps in association with QGIS were used to evaluate heads of the study areas and lastly TURBNPRO was used to determine power outputs from the study areas. The resultant net head for Quthing River was found to be 164.15 m while the net head for Letsengla-Letsie was 159.23 m. The design flow rate of Quthing River was found to be 0.58 m3/s while that of Letseng-la-Letsie was 0.1 16 m3/s. The results from TURBNPRO showed that the power output for Quthing River turbine was 815 kW while the power output for Letseng-la-Letsie turbine was 221 kW. Using typical hydro-electric generators efficiency of 99% and typical capacity factor for Africa of 0.49, the capacity from Quthing River was found to be 807 kW with annual energy of 3.46 MWh. The capacity for Letseng-la-Letsie was found to be 0.22 MW with annual energy of 0.95 MWh.
Analysis of the viability of using thermal energy for Maluti Mountain Brewery
(National University of Lesotho, 2021-04) Lillane, Malillane; Mr. Hove, Tawanda; Dr. Mpholo, Moeketsi
It has been established by literature that there is worldly movement towards renewable energy usage because of global warming. Solar energy among many is one form of renewable energy that can be used to reduce conventional energy usage. This study realized an opportunity to reduce the conventional energy (coal) use at Maluti Mountain Brewery (MMB); a brewery in Lesotho by preheating the boiler make up water. The boiler at MMB is serviced by condensate (70°C) and the cold water from the tap. The cold makeup water mixes with the condensate prior to the being carried into the boiler and thus reducing the efficiency of the boiler. This is because the boiler in turn demands a lot of coal to heat up the boiler feed water. A retrofitted solar thermal system into the existing system at MMB was done. This system was aimed at preheating the cold make up water before it mixes with the hot condensate in order to avoid the makeup water from reducing the condensate temperature. An Excel based model was made in order to design a solar thermal system that is cost effective and technically viable. The designed system is an active solar thermal system composed of evacuated tube collector with the EPD of 18 kWh/$), collector area of 80 m2 which was decided upon by the required maximum storage tank temperature of 100 °C. The storage tank size of the system was found to be 2110 Liters. A tank of such size could not be found on the market; therefore, a 2500 Liters storage tank would be ideal for the purpose. The actual collector area decided upon according to the collector aperture area of 2.998 was found to be 81 m2. The system was found to be able to preheat 54% of the makeup water (12 % of the boiler feed water is the makeup water). The amount of coal used by MMB would be reduced by 11% and therefore saving the company as the NPVSS is positive, amounting to $25044 for over 20 years.
Antimicrobial activity of the cyclic peptides, Cyclo(D-Phe-4I-Pro) and Cyclo(L-Phe-4I-Pro).
(2013) Qhola, P. J.; Milne, J.
Antimicrobial wound healing properties of indigenous medicinal plants of Lesotho and the pharmacist's role in minor wound care
(2021) Hlokoane, O.K.; Sello, M.
Lesotho has a rich supply of indigenous medicinal plant resources. More than a dozen Lesotho medicinal plants have been used to treat minor wound infections among Basotho for over 100 years. The aim is to provide scientifi validation of their antimicrobial activities against microorganisms relevant to the skin. The anti-infective activities of plants are thought to be due to the presence of active phytochemicals in parts of the plants, especially phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, glycosides, and alkaloids. Although there is limited research that establishes the structure-activity relationship of those phytochemicals, there are reports that attributed the phytochemical constituents with the antimicrobial effcts through a variety of mechanisms ranging from inhibition of cytoplasmic membrane function, inhibition of energy metabolism to inhibition of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. The role of the pharmacist is to provide medical information on these compounds to promote the safe use of herbal products and in combination with conventional medicines.
Application of lie symmetrics to solving fractional black-scholes option pricing model in financial mathematics
(National University of Lesotho, 2022-10-21) Ramoeletsi, Realeboha; Kaibe, Bosiu, Ngaka Nchejane
We perform Lie symmetry analysis to the fractional Black-Scholes option pricing model whose price evolution is described in terms of a partial di erential equation (PDE). As a result, new complete Lie symmetry group and in nitesimal generators of the one-dimensional fractional Black-Scholes pricing model are derived. Furthermore, we compute a family of exact invariant solutions that constitute the pricing models for the Black-Scholes model using the associated in nitesimal generators and the corresponding similarity reduction equations. Using known solutions, more solutions are generated via group point transformations
Application of Lie Symmetry method in pricing Arithmetic Asian options
(National University of Lesotho, 2024-06-23) Kubeletsane, Monts'uoe Edward
This research investigates the application of Lie symmetry method to find analytic solutions for arithmetic Asian options, which are crucial financial derivatives for managing risk in various commodity markets. By employing a two state partial differential equation approach, the study uses Lie symmetry method to enhance option pricing models. The research involves finding determining equations, infinitesimal generators, and invariant solutions, as well as examining the influence of parameters such as volatility, interest rates, and time on option prices.
Application of solution state NMR to structural problems in chemistry
(Durham University, 2006-09) Khoabane, Ntai Martin; Dr. Sanderson, John; Dr. Grayson, Elizabeth; Dr. Natrajan, Louise; Mr. McKeag, Ian; Mrs. Heffernan, Catherine
First and foremost I would like to thank the Lord almighty for the life he has given me. My stay and study at Durham University was funded and supported by Canon Collins Trust to whom I am very thankful. I would also like to pass my gratitude to the National University of Lesotho for releasing me on staff development leave, my dependants’ allowance, and funding my travel both ways. I would like to thank my supervisory team: Dr. Alan M. Kenwright for his supervision and training and demonstrated kindness and patience. He motivated and encouradme during this period. I am also grateful to him for coming up with original ideas of a project on which I worked. Dr. John Sanderson cannot be forgotten for his co-supervisory role. I am also grateful to Dr. Elizabeth Grayson for the supervision in chemistry and for the protection and deprotection of the mannoside compounds. Dr. Louise Natrajan, I thank you for the lanthanide complexes I worked on. I would also like to thank Mr. Ian McKeag and Mrs Catherine Heffernan who contributed a lot to my training in solution state NMR. Other groups of people who contributed to my training need to be mentioned: all my lectures in the taught modules, the mass spectrometry facility and all the Chemistry Department staff. Last but not least my family members. Most importantly my wife and son who suffered the loneliness of my being thousands of miles away from them without complaint. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a robust, non invasive technique applicable in structure determination as well as in the study of dynamic behaviour of chemical compounds. This thesis is in two sections, the first dealing mainly with a structure determination application of NMR and the second dealing mainly with a study of dynamic behaviour. Section 1 NMR characterisation of carbohydrates has proved challenging because of the limited chemical shift ranges of both the proton and carbon signals. The broad signals due to the labile hydroxyl protons cause further complications by overlapping proton signals from the ring. Protecting group chemistry is vital in the preparation and manipulation of synthetic carbohydrates and can potentially help with the assignment of the (otherwise extremely complicated) NMR spectra of carbohydrates. However, the widely used benzyl protecting group can make the spectrum more difficult to interpret because the benzyl CH2 proton signals often come in the same region of the spectrum as the anomeric protons, usually used as reporter groups of carbohydrates and the benzyl CH2 carbon signals come in the same region as the carbohydrate ring carbons. This section reports the invetsigation and application of a family of alternative protecting groups, namely various fluorobenzyl groups, which have not been used in carbohydrate chemistry before. With pentafluorobenzyl, the proton chemical shift dispersion is improved, and the CH2 and carbohydrate ring carbon signals are shifted to lower frequency, considerably simplifying the task of assigning the carbon spectrum, facilitating the interpretation of all 1H-13C correlation experiments (HSQC, HMQC, HMBC). Section 2 Cyclen complexes of lanthanide (III) ions have found use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), luminescence imaging and assay studies. In particular, europium (III) complexes have potential in anlytical, forensic, and biomedical applications based on their impressive emissive properties. However, the emissive properties are modulated by the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the complexes. For biomedical applications, chelation is necessary to avoid europium toxicity that may be triggerd by accidental dissociation of the complex and release of the metal in vivo. A new cyclen europium(III) complex with pyridyl pendant ligands instead of the usual acetate groups has been synthesised by a group at Manchester University. The pyridyl ligands confer higher emmisive intensities to the complex, to enable applicability of the complex in time gated measurements. The chemical structure determination of the compound was accomplished by 1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC / HSQC and EXSY NMR experiments. Selective inversion experiments data were evaluated using the CIFIT simulation program, and showed that in aqueous solutions from -0.2º C to 107.6º C the dominant dynamic process is flipping of the pendant (pyridyl) arms, and isomerism is biased towards the twisted square antiprism (TSAP).
Approximate Model for a Merge Configuration of Multiservers With Finite Capacity Intermediate Buffers
(International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 2013) Nikolov, A. V.
We consider a queueing network consisting of multiservers in parallel and connected to a merger queue. All servers have an infinite capacity buffers. The configuration is decomposed into two subsystems: merging multi-servers and merger server and then analyzed in isolation. All times are assumed to be exponentially distributed. First we set and solve the equations for the aggregated merger queue, then express the occupancy probabilities of the original queue through the probabilities of the aggregated one, which reduces significantly the number of equations describing the behavior of the network. Using the fore-mentioned result, we derive expressions for the occupancy probabilities and other parameters of the merging queue.
Assessment of the impacts and adaptive capacity of the Machobane farming system to climate change in Lesotho
(African Technology Policy Studies Network, 2012) Mekbib, Sissay Bekele; Olaleye, Adesola; Mokhothu, Motlatsi N.; Tilai, Spirit B.; Wondimu, Taddesse; Johane, Masia
Bile acids as specific faecal pollution indicators in water and sediments
(European Scientific Journal, 2013-04) Obuseng, Veronica; Moshoeshoe, Mohau; Nareetsile, Florence
Microbiological indicators such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) have been extensively applied to monitor sewage contamination in waters and sediments. However, it has been accomplished by many researchers that microorganism indicators of faecal pollution in aquatic environments have limited applicability, owing to their lack of specificity and variable life span induced by environmental factors such as sunlight and chlorination. This review highlights the use of chemical indicators for faecal or sewage pollution monitoring. It highlights that the differences in bile acid distributions in animal faeces could be utilized to differentiate inputs in an environment. Furthermore, the high resistance to degradation by some of the bile acids would make them better suited for long standing pollution compared to coprostanol, as it is more readily degraded. Bile acid data could be used in conjunction with other available evidence, be it ethnographic or as part of a multi-biomarker approach, employing 5 ฀-stanols and bacterial indicators, such as C. perfringens, to distinguish amongst the different environmental inputs.
Catalytic Behaviour of Anionic Metalloporphyrins towards the Synthesis of Water- Soluble Polyaniline
(National University of Lesotho, 2011-05) Phooko, Mathese Palesa; Ass.Prof. Sekota, M.
In this study, metalloderivates of anionic tetrasulphonated tetraphenyl porphyrin (MTPPS4, where M= Ru(III) and Rh(III)) were synthesized and characterized and later utilized in the synthesis of water-soluble Polyaniline (PANi). The selected metalloporphyrins were synthesized with very low percentage yields. It was found that the RUTPPS4 was more effective as the homogeneous catalyst than RhTPPS4 as it showed a high turnover. This was attributed to the size of Ru3+ and the relative ease of oxidation of Ru(III) to Ru(IV). The synthesis and properties of PANi prepared are reported. The processabilty of the polymer was examined and it was found to be soluble in water and polar aprotic solvents like dimethyl formamide (DMF). The clewed nanostructured porous PANi exhibited rich electrochemical features which are interesting in the field of sensors and actuators.
Chaos-based Encryption Keys and Neural Key-store for Cloudhosted Data Confidentiality
(Technological University Dublin, 2017-09) Mosola, N.N.; Dlamini, M.T.; Blackledge, J.M.; Eloff, J.H.P.; Venter, H.S.
Cloud computing brings flexible and cost effective services. However, security concerns plague the cloud. Data confidentiality is one of the concerns inhibiting the adoption of cloud computing. This concern stems from various cyberattacks directed towards gaining unauthorised access to cloud-bound or cloud-hosted data. This paper proposes a client-end encryption and key management system to curb attacks that targets compromising the confidentiality of cloud-hosted data. The proposed system uses chaotic atmospheric noise to generate a fitness function. The fitness function generates random numbers which create encryption keys. The strength of the encryption keys is derived from the chaotic and random nature of the atmospheric noise. The keys are then used for encrypting cloud-bound data using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128, 192 and 256), Data Encryption Standard (DES), 3-DES, and our novel cryptosystem named Cryptor, before it can be sent to the cloud. However, encryption bears no significance if the key management is flawed. To address the inherent key management problem, the solution uses a neural network to learn patterns of an encryption key. Once learnt, the key is then discard to thwart possible key attacks. The key is reconstructed by the neural network for decryption purposes.
Characterisation and Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge to Agricultural Land in the Maseru Metropolitan Area
(National University of Lesotho, 2011) Khesa, Makhale E; Tanor, E.B.
The nutrient content and other important properties of the sewage sludge from the Wastewater Treatment Plant at Ha Ratjamose in Maseru were determined. In addition, the sludge was characterised in terms of its, pH, salinity, TDS and temperature. The sludge was found to contain 0.011 - 0.013 (wt%) PO43- and 0.018 - 0.070 (wt%)NO3- with D/R 2000 Spectrophotometer. The values for some important physical properties were found to be as follows: pH,( 6.35-6.59); conductivity,( 335- 1674μScm-1) , salinity,( 0.00-0.6) , total dissolved solids (TDS) ,( 355-1576mgL-1) and temperature ,( 24.1-25.5˚C). The sludge was found to contain considerable amounts of nutrients, but lower than those found in commercial chemical fertilizers. It was also slightly acidic, hence it can be more appropriate if applied to strongly alkaline soils or be stabilized with alkalis if it is to be applied to neutral of acidic soils.
Chemical adsorption of NiO nanostructures on nickel foam-graphene for supercapacitor applications
(J. Mater Sci (2013), 2013) Bello, A.; Fabiane, M.; Dodoo-Arhin, D. et al
Few-layer graphene was synthesized on a nickel foam template by chemical vapor deposition. The resulting three-dimensional (3D) graphene was loaded with nickel oxide nanostructures using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction technique. The composites were characterized and investigated as electrode material for supercapacitors. Raman spectroscopy measurements on the sample revealed that the 3D graphene consisted of mostly few layers, while X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of nickel oxide. The electrochemical properties were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiostatic charge�discharge in aqueous KOH electrolyte. The novelty of this study is the use of the 3D porous cell structure of the nickel foam which allows for the growth of highly conductive graphene and subsequently provides support for uniform adsorption of the NiO onto the graphene. The NF-G/NiO electrode material showed excellent properties as a pseudocapacitive device with a high-specific capacitance value of 783 F g-1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s-1. The device also exhibited excellent cyclestability, with 84 % retention of the initial capacitance after 1000 cycles. The results demonstrate that composites madeusing 3D graphene are versatile and show considerable promise as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
Citrus sinensis cultivation in Ethiopia and postharvest biocontrol using plant extracts and microbial antagonists
(VDM Publishing,, 2009-01) Mekbib, Sissay Bekele
Postharvest application of chemical pesticides on fruit and vegetables has serious longterm effects on human health and environment and can result in resistant pathogen strains. The search for biopesticides using microbial antagonists and natural plant products has subsequently become more important as viable alternatives to control postharvest diseases. In this study, besides documenting the preharvest citrus cultivation practices, pests and postharvest disease incidences in Ethiopia, extracts from two plant species and three microbial antagonists have been documented as a breakthrough postharvest biocontrol agents. Besides controlling citrus infection, the semi‐commercial application of antagonists and plant extracts has also improved fruit quality and may provide a commercial solution for citrus industry world wide. This book will provide substantial information to Citrus Producing Companies, Agricultural Field Experts, Plant Pathologists, Biocontrol Product Processing Experts and Scientists interested in the field.
Clastogenic and Cytotoxic Effects of Four Pesticides Used to Control Insect Pests of Stored Products on Root Meristems of Allium cepa
(Environment and Natural Resources Research, 2013) Asita, A. O.; Mokhobo, M. M
While the use of pesticides of stored product has increased productivity in agriculture, there is concern about their use because some are mutagens and/or carcinogens, harm non-target organisms or cause pest resistance. In this study Grain Treat (GT) (Mercaptothion, 10 g kg-1, Permethrin 1.5 g kg-1); QuickPhos (QP) (Aluminium Phosphide, 560 g kg-1); Nuvan Profi (NP) (Dichlorvos, 124 g kg-1) and Eriocephalus punctulatus plant smoke condensate (EPSC) were evaluated for cytotoxicity and the induction of genotoxicity in the onion (Allium cepa) test. Onion seeds were germinated and exposed to pesticides (mg ml-1), GT (12.5, 25, 50); QP (0.75, 1.5, 3.0); NP (0.064, 0.128, 0.256); EPSC (0.0025, 0.0049, 0.0098) for 24 hours. For each concentration, three root tips were transferred to three microscope slides, stained with aceto-carmine, covered with cover slip, squashed and observed microscopically. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by each pesticide concentration was compared with the value for the concomitant negative control using t-test. Only QP (3.0 mg mL-1) and NP (0.256 mg mL-1) significantly depressed the MI, i.e. cytotoxic (P < 0.05). Genotoxicity was determined by examining, 100 anaphase and telophase cells on each of three slides per concentration for chromosome aberration (CA). The three concentrations of each pesticide induced CAs (P < 0.05) in the following general order of frequency; stickiness > multipolarity > c-mitosis > anaphase and telophase bridges > chromosome Largards. The induction of sticky chromosomes indicated that the pesticides caused abnormal DNA condensation, abnormal chromosome coiling and inactivated the spindles. Because abnormalities of the cell division process results from the genotoxic effects of environmental chemicals, the four pesticides have the potential to cause aneuploidy in exposed organisms and adverse human health and environmental effects.
Construction of a long-term hourly electricity demand curve and peak load using MAED-EL for Lesotho
(National University of Lesotho, 2020) Kente, Leana
At the time that this study was undertaken, Lesotho Electrical Company (LEC) had no longterm hourly load curve forecast for electricity consumption. This makes it difficult for the utility to plan for future power plants and cost effective bilateral agreements as well as policy maker to make informed decision and for Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to be developed by investor. Therefore, this study aimed to construct a long-term hourly load curve for future electricity consumption in Lesotho starting with 2018 as the base year, followed by five-year long intervals from 2020 to 2040. The Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED-EL) was used to calculate future hourly load curves for electricity and it uses the end-use approach when calculating the energy projections. Three scenarios were considered in this study to model possible trajectories of future electricity consumption, namely: Business-as-Usual (BAU), Low Economy Scenario (LE) and High Economy Scenario (HE). The annual growth rates of electricity consumption were estimated to be 4.3% for BAU, 2.4% for LE and 6.3% for HE. The projected peak demand for each scenario occurs during winter season (June to July). It was anticipated that the peak load will grow by 224% 123% and 54% for HE, BAU and LE scenarios from 2020 to 2040 while the energy consumption will increase by 223%, 122% and 53% for HE, BAU and LE from 2020 to 2040. The base load was predicted to grow from 58.77 MW,56.79 MW and 54.74 MW for HE,BAU and LE to 190.05 MW, 126.29 and 84.29 in for HE,BAU and LE respectevely in 2040 . Due to growth of electrical energy load the power deficit which was already high in 2018 at 94.44 MW would increase to 539.92 MW, 330.1 MW and 196.44 MW for HE, BAU and LE respectively in 2040. The Peak Load of the system was equal or above 75% of system peak load for 20% of the available time of the year.
Control of Penicillium digitatum on Citrus Fruit Using Two Plant Extracts and Study of Their Mode of Action
(Springer, 2007-05-07) Mekbib, Sissay Bekele; Regnier, Thierry J. C.; Korsten, Lise
Extracts from two plants from Ethiopia, Withania somnifera and Acacia seyal, were evaluated for their potential as natural biopesticides and to study their mode of action. Methanolic extracts of these plants were tested in vivo on citrus fruit for their efficacy to control Penicillium digitatum when applied on wounded or unwounded fruit surfaces. Relative to the control, 70% and 75% of wound – inoculated fruit did not develop decay symptoms for up to 21 days of storage at 25◦C and >85% r.h. An increase in cell wall-bound phenolics was evident in wounded fruit treated with plant extracts and inoculated with a spore suspension of P. digitatum. Scanning electron microscopy revealed deposition of crystalline plant material sticking to the pathogen and around the wound site. The application of the plant extracts increased the epiphytic background total microbial population but decreased diversity. KEY WORDS: Citrus fruit; postharvest diseases; natural compounds; plant phenolics; host resistance.

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