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Item Production of probiotic yoghurt flavoured with the spice Aframomum danielli, Strawberry and Vanilla.(Food and Public Health, 2013) Adegoke, G. O.; Musebi, S.Probiotic yoghurt, pH 4.5, with acceptable organoleptic profiles was prepared using standard procedures. Flavouring of probiotic yoghurt was done using the spice Aframomum danielli, strawberry and vanilla. Samples flavoured with A.danielli , strawberry and vanilla though more viscous than ordinary yoghurt were generally preferred. Volatile components of A.danielli were extracted using diethyl ether, dried and concentrated followed by analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Flavour components like 2-methyl-1-propen-1-yl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) reported to provide the desirable aroma and taste in yoghurt were identified in A. danielli.Item The Lesotho Highlands Water Project and Sustainable Livelihoods(Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA), 2013) Mashinini, V. I.Dams have become an increasingly contested terrain in development discourse, prompting the United Nations (UN) to establish the World Commission on Dams (WCD) and adopt its Report in 2000. The bone of contention is whether dams promote or hinder sustainable development and livelihoods of the dam impacted areas and communities; and what needs to be done as mitigation of the dam impacts.This paper uses desktop methodology to explore the experiences of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) on sustainable livelihoods of its dam impacted areas and communities, and suggests policy implications for sustainable development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The paper concludes that the project failed to promote sustainable livelihoods in the dam impacted areas and communities, and proposes that SADC member states should not only make dam policies but enforce them, in order to guarantee that dam impacted areas and communities have better livelihoods.Item Impact of the Invasive Alien Species, Lantana Camara (L). on Native Vegetation in Northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe(Journal of Science, Agriculture and Technology, 2013) Chatanga, P.This study assessed the impact of Lantana camara invasion on native vegetation in Northern Gonarezhou National Park (GNP), Zimbabwe. Stratified random sampling was used with three categories; uninvaded, moderately invaded and heavily invaded. The distribution of L. camara in Northern Gonarezhou National Park was mapped using GIS. Soil properties and vegetation attributes were assessed in each category. L. camara was mainly distributed within the riparian vegetation and in the low-lying areas of Northern GNP. A total of 41 native woody species and 27 native herbaceous species were identified in the study area. Significant differences (ANOVA, P<0.05) in soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and moisture among the three categories were noted. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels were highest in the heavily invaded category and lowest in the uninvaded category. Soil potassium and moisture levels were highest in the uninvaded category and lowest in the heavily invaded. For native vegetation attributes; basal area, canopy cover, herbaceous cover, woody plant density, species diversity (H�) and species richness (S) varied significantly (ANOVA, P<0.05) among the categories of L. camara intensity. These variables were highest in the uninvaded category and lowest in the heavily invaded category. The uninvaded category was the most diverse (H�=1.875) while the heavily invaded category was the least diverse (H�=1.334). Edaphic factors influenced plant species structure and composition in northern GNP. The significant differences in soil and vegetation variables suggest that L. camara is altering soil properties and native vegetation structure and composition in GNP to the detriment of wildlife management. Active management of L. camara in Gonarezhou National Park is therefore urgently required for wildlife and biodiversity conservation in the area.Item Antioxidant and anti-browning activities of A. daniell(Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken, Germany., 2013) Adegoke, G. O.; Afolabi, M. O.Item Antimicrobial and preservative activities of A. danielli in food matrices.(Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken, Germany., 2013) Adegoke, G. O.; Afolabi, M. O.Item Short communication: Rapid detection of milk fat adulteration with vegetable oil by fluorescence spectroscopy.(Journal of Dairy Science, 2013) Liu, X. M.; Ntakatsane, M. P.; Zhou, P.This study assessed the potential application of fluorescence spectroscopy in detecting adulteration of milk fat with vegetable oil and characterizing the samples according to the source of the fat. Pure butterfat was adulterated with different vegetable oils at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40%). Nonfat and reduced-fat milk were also adulterated with vegetable oils to simulate full-fat milk (3.2%). The 2- and 3-dimensional front-face fluorescence spectroscopy and gas chromatography were used to obtain the fluorescence spectra and fatty acid profile, respectively. Principal component analysis and 3-way partial least squares regression analysis were applied to analyze the data. The pure and adulterated samples were discriminated based on the total concentration of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and also on the 3 major fluorophores: tryptophan, tocopherols, and riboflavin. Fluorescence spectroscopy was able to detect up to 5% of adulteration of vegetable oil into the butterfat. The saturated fatty acids showed higher predictability than the unsaturated fatty acids (R2 = 0.73�0.92 vs. 0.20�0.65, respectively). The study demonstrated the high potential of fluorescence spectroscopy to rapidly detect adulteration of milk fat with vegetable oil, and discriminate commercial butter and milk according to the source of the fat. Key words: detection , milk fat adulteration , vegetable oil , fluorescence spectroscopyItem Genetic parameter and relationships of faecal worm egg count with objectively measured wool traits in the Tygerhoek Merino flock(South African Journal of Animal Science, 2013) Cloete, S. W. P.; Matebetsi-Ranthimo, P. A. M.; van Wyk, J. B.; Olivier, J. J.The costs of internal parasite control and treatment are potentially very high in grazing sheep. Faecal worm egg count (FEC) has been suggested as a suitable criterion for selection for resistance to nematode infestation in livestock. Genetic parameter estimates for FEC and its relationship with wool traits were assessed in the current study, using data from Merino sheep from a selection experiment maintained at Tygerhoek Research Farm. Data consisted of ~7 100 animals born between 1989 and 2010. Rectal faecal samples were taken from individual sheep at 13 to 16 months of age, after drenching had been withheld for at least 10 weeks, generally in July to September. Nematode eggs were counted with the McMaster technique, with a sensitivity of 100 eggs per gram of wet faeces. The fixed effects of birth type, sex, birth year and sex x birth year interaction were included in the operational model for FEC. Only the effect of additive animal affected the data for FEC. Heritability estimates of FEC ranged from 0.10 for untransformed FEC to 0.16 for Log (FEC + 100). The genetic relationships of Log (FEC + 100) with staple strength (SS), staple length (SL), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVFD) and standard deviation of fibre diameter (SDFD) were favourable. The genetic correlations of FEC with wool weight traits were unfavourable in absolute terms, but not significantly different from zero. Selection for FEC is unlikely to result in unfavourable correlated responses to wool traits in South African Merinos, with the exception of wool weights. __________________________________________________________________________________Item The relationship between faecal worm egg count and subjectively assessed wool and conformation traits in the Tygerhoek Merino flock(South African Journal of Animal Science, 2013) Cloete, S. W. P.; Matebetsi-Ranthimo, P. A. M.; Olivier, J.J.; van Wyk, J. B.Subjectively assessed wool and conformation traits form part of the selection objective in wool sheep enterprises. The present study investigated the genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations for nematode resistance (using faecal worm egg count (FEC)) with subjectively assessed wool and conformation traits. The Merino sheep flock (consisting of four lines) maintained on Tygerhoek Research Farm was used. Fixed effects of selection line, birth type, sex, age of dam in years, year of birth, and sex*birth year interaction had a significant effect on all subjective traits. At genetic level, log transformed FEC was significantly related to wool oil only at 0.18 � 0.09, staple formation at 0.29 � 0.10, and topline at ?0.33 � 0.11. These correlations suggested that sheep with high FEC are likely to have excessive wool oil, thicker and bulkier staples, and lower scores for topline. Selection for resistance to and resilience against nematodes in Merino sheep thus will not result in marked unfavourable correlated responses in the vast majority of these subjective wool and body conformation traits. ________________________________________________Item Rainfall variability at decadal time scale and temperature trend in two distinct agro-ecological zones of Lesotho(Lesotho Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013) Nkheloane, T.; Olaleye, Adesola O.Item Mean and carcass quality differences among entre males, castrates and females of indigenous pig breeds in Lesotho(Lesotho Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013) Makoloi, M.; Molapo, S. M.Item Conservative agriculture adoption, profitability, input demand and maize production: A household survey analysis of smallholder producers in Lesotho(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014) Lambert, M. D.; Marake, M.Item Effects of effective microorganisms (EM) on garlic (Allium Sativum L) Production in Roma Valley in Lesotho(Lesotho Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Mofokeng, M.; Mohammed, J.Item Status of EM use and its economic implications in Africa with emphasis to Lesotho(Lesotho Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Mohammed, J.Item The effect of trade liberalization on wheat-flour-bread value chain in Lesotho(International Journal of Current Research, 2014) Rantlo, A. M.Item The effects of access to electricity on biomass use for energy purposes in Ha Lebenkele area.(Lesotho Journal of Agricultural Science, 2014) Rantlo, A. M.Item Bowen Ratio Energy Balance Measurement of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fluxes of No-till and Conventional Tillage Agriculture in Lesotho.(Open Journal of Soil Science, 2014) O'Dell, D.; Sauer, T. J.; Hicks, B. B.; Lambert, D. M.; Smith, D. R.; Bruns, W.; Marake, M. V.; Walker, F. W.; Wilcox Jr., M. D.; Eash, N. S.; Basson, A.Global food demand requires that soils be used intensively for agriculture, but how these soils are managed greatly impacts soil fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2). Soil management practices can cause carbon to be either sequestered or emitted, with corresponding uncertain influence on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The situation is further complicated by the lack of CO2 flux measurements for African subsistence farms. For widespread application in remote areas, a simple experimental methodology is desired. As a first step, the present study investigated the use of Bowen Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) instrumentation to measure the energy balance and CO2 fluxes of two contrasting crop management systems, till and no-till, in the lowlands within the mountains of Lesotho. Two BREB micrometeorological systems were established on 100-m by 100-m sites, both planted with maize (Zea mays) but under either conventional (plow, disk-disk) or no-till soil management systems. The results demonstrate that with careful maintenance of the instruments by appropriately trained local personnel, the BREB approach offers substantial benefits in measuring real time changes in agroecosystem CO2 flux. The periods where the two treatments could be compared indicated greater CO2 sequestration over the no-till treatments during both the growingItem Involvement of women in community development activities and emerging socio-economic benefits.(Lesotho Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Kerego, M. M.Item Characterization of fatty acid profiles of fats and oils by fluorescence spectroscopy.(Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2014) Liu, X. M.; Nkheloane, T.; Ntakatsane, M. P.; Zhou, P.; Mothibe, K. J.; Adegoke, G. O.; Odenya, W. O.Item The role of property rights to water resources on smallholder development in Kat River Valley(Time Journals of Agricultural and Veterinary Science, 2014) Fraser, G. G. C.; Rantlo, A. M.